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Father Le Loutre’s War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Micmac War and the Anglo-Micmac War,〔Patterson, 1994, p. 130〕 took place between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.〔John Grenier developed the "Father Le Loutre's War" frame on these series of conflicts in his books ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) and ''The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607-1814'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005).〕 On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British Officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham. On the other side, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadia militia in guerrilla warfareagainst settlers and British forces.〔John Gorham. The Far Reaches of Empire: War In Nova Scotia (1710-1760). University of Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 148〕 (At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 3000 Mi'kmaq and 12000 Acadians in the region.) Prior to the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians had contained the British to settlements at Port Royal and Canso. The rest of the colony was in the control of the Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians. About forty years later, the British made a concerted effort to settle Protestants in the region and to establish military control over all of Nova Scotia and present-day New Brunswick, igniting armed response from Acadians in Father Le Loutre's War. The British settled 3229 people in Halifax during the first years. This exceeded the number of Mi'kmaq in the entire region and was seen as a threat to the traditional occupiers of the land.〔2576 settlers arrived with Cornwallis; the following year, 353 arrived on the Alderney; 300 Foreign Protestants also arrived. (See Akins. History of Halifax, p. 5, p. 27).〕 The Mi'kmaq and some Acadians resisted the arrival of these Protestant settlers. The war caused unprecedented upheaval in the area. Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before.〔John Johnson. ''French Attitudes Toward Acadians. Du Grand Dérangement à La Déportation'', p 152〕 Twenty-four conflicts were recorded (battles, raids, skirmishes) during the war, 13 of which were Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on the capital region Halifax/ Dartmouth. As typical of frontier warfare, many additional conflicts were unrecorded. During Father Le Loutre's War, the British attempted to establish firm control of the major Acadian settlements in peninsular Nova Scotia and to extend their control to the disputed territory of present-day New Brunswick. The British also wanted to establish Protestant communities in Nova Scotia. During the war, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq left Nova Scotia for the French colonies of ''Ile St. Jean'' (Prince Edward Island) and ''Ile Royale'' (Cape Breton Island). The French also tried to maintain control of the disputed territory of present-day New Brunswick. (Father Le Loutre tried to prevent the New Englanders from moving into present-day New Brunswick just as a generation earlier, during Father Rale's War, Rale tried to prevent New Englanders from taking over present-day Maine.) Throughout the war, the Mi’kmaq and Acadians attacked the British forts in Nova Scotia and the newly established Protestant settlements. They wanted to retard British settlement and buy time for France to implement its Acadian resettlement scheme.〔Grenier pp. 154–155; Patterson, 1993, p. 47〕 The war began with the British unilaterally establishing Halifax, which was a violation of an earlier treaty with the Mi'kmaq (1726), signed after Father Rale's War. In response, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq orchestrated attacks at Chignecto, Grand Pré, Dartmouth, Canso, Halifax and Country Harbour. The French erected forts at present-day Saint John, Chignecto and Port Elgin, New Brunswick. The British responded by attacking the Mi'kmaq and Acadians at Mirligueche (later known as Lunenburg), Chignecto and St. Croix. The British unilaterally established communities in Lunenburg and Lawrencetown. Finally, the British erected forts in Acadian communities located at Windsor, Grand Pre and Chignecto. The war ended after six years with the defeat of the Mi'kmaq, Acadians and French in the Battle of Fort Beausejour. == Historical context == Despite the official cessation of war between the British and French empires after King George's War, the conflict in Acadia and Nova Scotia continued; the British and New England rangers fought the Mi’kmaq, Acadians and the French missionary priests. The Mi'kmaq and Acadians were united in their commitment to Catholicism, intermarriage, and the gifts provided by the French to the Mi'kmaq. Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, the dominant population in Acadia remained Catholic Acadians, who would not sign an unconditional oath to become British subjects. As a result, Acadians and Mi’kmaq resisted the British occupation of Acadia. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax (1749), there was a long history of the Wabanaki Confederacy (which included the Mi'kmaq) protecting their land by killing British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, 1747).〔John G. Reid.“Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal.” in Essays on Northeastern North America: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008) ; Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008.〕〔The focus of the raids were the towns on the Acadia/ New England border: A line drawn from Falmouth, now Portland, on Casco Bay, by the towns Scarborough, Saco, Wells, York, Amesbury, Haverhill, Andover, Dunstable, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, and Worcester constituted the frontier of Massachusetts, which then included Maine. Upon these settlements the stress of those wars fell.〕 Before the founding of Halifax, there was also a long history of Acadian resistance to the British through three French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War. Acadians joined French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during King William's War. After the Siege of Pemaquid (1696), d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abanaki in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to England or France.〔John Reid. "Imperial Intrusions". In Buckner and Reid (eds). ''The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History''. University of Toronto Press. 1994.p. 84〕 During Queen Anne's War, Mi’kmaq and Acadians resisted during the Raid on Grand Pré, Piziquid and Chignecto in 1704. The Acadians assisted the French in protecting the capital in the Siege of Port Royal (1707) and the final Conquest of Acadia. The Acadians and Mi’kmaq were also successful in the Battle of Bloody Creek (1711).〔Faragher, John Mack, ''A Great and Noble Scheme'' New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 110–112 ISBN 0-393-05135-8〕 During Father Rale's War, the Maliseet raided numerous British vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi'kmaq raided Canso, Nova Scotia (1723). In the latter engagement, the Mi'kmaq were aided by Acadians.〔John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire.'' pp. 46-73〕 During King George's War, Abbé Jean-Louis Le Loutre led forces of both Acadians and Mi’kmaq in efforts to recapture the capital, such as the Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744).〔 During this siege, the French officer Marin had taken British prisoners and stopped with them further up the bay at Cobequid. While at Cobequid, an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have "left their (British ) carcasses behind and brought their skins."〔(''William Pote's Journal,'' 1745, p. 34)〕 Le Loutre was also joined by the prominent Acadian resistance leader Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil). Broussard and other Acadians supported the French soldiers in the Battle of Grand Pré. During King George's War, Le Loutre, Gorham and Lawrence rose to prominence in the region. During the war, however, Massachusetts Governor Shirley acknowledged that Nova Scotia was still "scarcely" British and urged London to fund building forts in the Acadian communities.〔( p. 316 Note the date of the is letter is wrong - it should read 1747 - not 1746. )〕〔Also see (Massachusetts General Court, April 18, 1749, p. 481 )〕 At the outset of Le Loutre's war, along with the New England Ranger units, there were three British regiments at Halifax: the 40th Regiment of Foot arrived from Annapolis, while the 29th Regiment of Foot and 45th Regiment of Foot arrived from Louisbourg. The 47th Regiment under the command of Peregrine Lascelles arrived the following year (1750). At sea, Captain John Rous was the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during the war.〔Rous was first in command of the 14-gun HMS Albany and then in 1753 took over the 14-gun HMS Success.〕 The main officer under his command was Silvanus Cobb.〔Cobb captained the sloop ''York'' and then the 80 ton ''York and Halifax''.〕 John Gorham also owned two armed schooners: the ''Anson'' and the ''Warren''.〔George Bates. John Gorham 1709-1751: An outline of his activities in Nova Scotia. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. p. 45〕〔Anson, of 70 tons, John Beare, commander, and Daniel Dimmock, lieutenant, and the schooner Warren, of 70 tons, Jonathan Davis, captain, and Benjamin Myrick, lieutenant (See Murdoch, HIstory of Nova Scotia or Acadia, p. 122)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Father Le Loutre's War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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